Power supply – Basic design

The power supply for the amplifier was chosen to be an unregulated supply of transformer->rectifier->reservoir capacitors topology. The amplifier will use symmetric (equally positive and negative) supply rails.

The standard diagram for an unregulated symmetric power supply is shown below:

Supply rails and transformer

For a single amplifier channel, driving 50W worth of power by sinusoidal output into an 8 ohm load requires an RMS-voltage of V_{o,RMS}=\sqrt{P\times R}=\sqrt{50\times  8}=20 V . This gives a sinusoid peak value of 28 V. To give some headroom and to allow for the voltage gain stage to drive the output transistor bases over this voltage, a supply line of atleast 32-33 V is a good idea. Since the rectifier diodes in the PSU will give a voltage drop of around 0.7 V, a transformer output of peak voltage +-35V is a good idea, which gives 35/\sqrt{2} = 25 RMS output from the transformer.

In order to allow for stereo stages plus preamp electronics, interface electronics, and to give some VA-headroom, a 225 VA toroid transformer was selected, at 230V primary, +-25V secondary.

Capacitor bank sizing

The relationship between the voltage of a capacitor and the current drawn from it is given by:

i(t) = C\frac{dV(t)}{dt}

Assuming a constant current, we get:

C=\frac{It}{dV}

At worst, for the case where we have a full output swing and where the output frequency is low enough that the output sits at the positive supply rail, we have an output current of roughly 35/8=4.4 A . The capacitors must continually source this current in between two of the rectified voltage peaks from the transformer, without dropping too much in voltage. Allowing for a worst case dip of 3 V on the supply line during this time period (1/100 s since the line connection is at 50Hz), we get a capacitance of:

C=\frac{4.4\times1/100}{3}=14.7 mF

Approximating this to standard sizes, a capacitor array of two 6800µF-caps on each supply-side should be sufficient.

Other components

For the rectifier bridge, I picked something sturdy that wouldn’t be bothered by the fairly large currents. It’s a KBPC-type bridge with a built-in heatsink, dimensioned for 30A.

I also added a slow-blow fuse at 3.15A on the primary side of the transformer.